Technical Overview

Overview of governance architecture and smart contracts.

Governance Architecture Overview

dYdX on-chain governance supports the following features:

Creating and voting on proposals
Snapshotting token holdings at the start of a proposal
Delegating separate voting and proposing powers
Setting governance thresholds including proposing, quorum, and vote differential thresholds
Replacing the “Governance Strategy V2” smart contract, which determines how votes are counted
Configuring multiple executor contracts allowing for:
- rapid protocol upgrades and funds distribution via short time-lock executors;
- governance upgrades via long time-lock executors.

There are 7 smart contracts that support dYdX Governance:

The DydxToken contract: Keeps snapshots which support queries for an address’ voting or proposing power at any block number. Supports separate delegation of voting and proposing powers.
The WrappedEthereumDydxToken contract: Keeps snapshots which support queries for an address’ voting or proposing power at any block number. Supports separate delegation of voting and proposing powers.
The DydxGovernor contract: Tracks proposals and can execute proposals via the Executor smart contracts.
The Executor contracts: Can queue, cancel, and execute transactions voted on by Governance. If a proposal passes, the functions calls in the proposal may be executed by the Executor contract specified in the proposal. Queued transactions can be executed after a delay, whose duration is determined by the Executor contract.
The Priority Timelock contract: The same as the timelock contract, but allows a priority controller to execute transactions within the Priority Period (7 days) before the end of the timelock delay.
The Governance Strategy V2 contract: Contains the logic for counting votes. Currently, counts votes from $ethDYDX Token, $wethDYDX token and $stkDYDX. Can be upgraded via the long time-lock.
The Safety Module contract: Contains logics to stake $ethDYDX tokens, tokenize a staked position, and earn rewards, while retaining the voting and proposing rights and delegation functions of the underlying tokens.

Contract

Address

Open-source code & audited

All smart contract source code for the governance contracts and staking pools can be found at https://github.com/dydxfoundation/governance-contracts.

The source code for the governance frontend hosted at dydx.community can be found here.

All major new smart contracts have been audited by Peckshield. No significant or high priority security issues were found. The core governance and token contracts are forked from the Aave governance contracts which were audited by CertiK, Certora, and Peckshield and have been battle-tested live on mainnet for months.

Core Governance Contracts

DydxToken

The DydxToken contract was inspired by Aave. Minor changes have been made by the dYdX team.

Ethereum-based DYDX is deployed at 0x92D6C1e31e14520e676a687F0a93788B716BEff5 on the Ethereum mainnet.

ABI

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WrappedEthereumDydxToken

The WrappedEthereumDydxToken contract is the wrapped version of the DydxToken. Users can interact with the wethDYDX Smart Contract and obtain wethDYDX.

wethDYDX is deployed at 0x46b2deae6eff3011008ea27ea36b7c27255ddfa9 on the Ethereum mainnet.

ABI

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DydxGovernor

The DydxGovernor contract was inspired by Aave. Minor changes have been made by dYdX.

Governor is deployed at 0x7E9B1672616FF6D6629Ef2879419aaE79A9018D2 on the Ethereum mainnet.

GovernanceStrategyV2

The GovernanceStrategyV2 contract was inspired by Aave and upgraded from GovernanceStrategy.

Strategy is deployed at 0xc2f5F3505910Da80F0592a3Cc023881C50b16505 on the Ethereum mainnet.

ABI

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Executors

The Executor contract was inspired by Aave. Minor changes have been made by dYdX.

The Long Timelock is deployed at 0xEcaE9BF44A21d00E2350a42127A377Bf5856d84B on the Ethereum mainnet.

ABI

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The Short Timelock is deployed at 0xEcaE9BF44A21d00E2350a42127A377Bf5856d84B on the Ethereum mainnet.

ABI

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The Merkle Timelock is deployed at 0xd98e7A71BacB6F11438A8271dDB2EFd7f9361F52 on the Ethereum mainnet.

ABI

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The Starkware Priority Timelock is deployed at 0xa306989BA6BcacdECCf3C0614FfF2B8C668e3CaE on the Ethereum mainnet.

ABI

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:"acceptAdmin","outputs":[],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"target","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"value","type":"uint256"},{"internalType":"string","name":"signature","type":"string"},{"internalType":"bytes","name":"data","type":"bytes"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"executionTime","type":"uint256"},{"internalType":"bool","name":"withDelegatecall","type":"bool"}],"name":"cancelTransaction","outputs":[{"internalType":"bytes32","name":"","type":"bytes32"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"target","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"value","type":"uint256"},{"internalType":"string","name":"signature","type":"string"},{"internalType":"bytes","name":"data","type":"bytes"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"executionTime","type":"uint256"},{"internalType":"bool","name":"withDelegatecall","type":"bool"}],"name":"executeTransaction","outputs":[{"internalType":"bytes","name":"","type":"bytes"}],"stateMutability":"payable","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"getAdmin","outputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"","type":"address"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[],"name":"getDelay","outputs":[{"internalType":"uint256","name":"","type":"uint256"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"contract 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IDydxGovernor","name":"governance","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"user","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"blockNumber","type":"uint256"}],"name":"validateCreatorOfProposal","outputs":[{"internalType":"bool","name":"","type":"bool"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"inputs":[{"internalType":"contract IDydxGovernor","name":"governance","type":"address"},{"internalType":"address","name":"user","type":"address"},{"internalType":"uint256","name":"blockNumber","type":"uint256"}],"name":"validateProposalCancellation","outputs":[{"internalType":"bool","name":"","type":"bool"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"},{"stateMutability":"payable","type":"receive"}]

DYDX Incentives Contracts

Merkle Distributor

The Merkle Distributor smart contract distributes $ethDYDX token rewards according to a Merkle tree of balances. The tree can be updated periodically with each user's cumulative reward balance, allowing new rewards to be distributed to users over time.

An update is performed by setting the proposed Merkle root to the latest value returned by the oracle contract. The proposed Merkle root can be made active after a waiting period has elapsed. During the waiting period, dYdX Governance has the opportunity to freeze the Merkle root, in case the proposed root is incorrect or malicious. Root updates can be unpaused by ShortTimelockExecutor.

The Merkle Distributor smart contract was inspired by Uniswap and Badger designs. The smart contract is deployed at 0x01d3348601968aB85b4bb028979006eac235a588 on the Ethereum mainnet.

ABI

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Safety Module

The Safety Module is a staking pool that offers $ethDYDX rewards to users who stake $ethDYDX towards the security of the Protocol.

Liquidity Module

The Liquidity Module is a collection of smart contracts for staking and borrowing, which incentivize the allocation of $USDC funds for market making purposes on the dYdX layer 2 exchange.

Stakers earn $ethDYDX rewards for staking $USDC. The staked funds may be borrowed by certain pre-approved partners, on a reputational basis, without collateral. The funds may only be used on the L2 exchange—this is enforced via the StarkProxy contract which interacts with the StarkEx Perpetual Exchange contract.

StarkProxy

This contract allows the owner to borrow funds from LiquidityStaking and use those funds on StarkPerpetual. Additional funds may be deposited by the owner, and any funds in excess of the borrowed amount may be withdrawn freely. This contract interacts with the StarkPerpetual contract which was written by Starkware, and previously audited and deployed.

Treasury Contracts

The TreasuryVester contract was inspired by Uniswap.

The Short Timelock can only execute governance-approved actions.

There are two treasury vesters and treasury contracts:

Rewards Treasury Vester and Rewards Treasury are for incentive contract rewards; and
Community Treasury Vester and Community Treasury are for holding “general purpose” treasury funds.

Since governance controls each treasury, it can transfer funds to any address and/or approve any address to spend funds from either treasury. For example, the rewards programs will need to have token approval limits set by governance.

In DIP 29, the dYdX community voted to leverage the Rewards Treasury Bridge and the Community Treasury Bridge smart contracts, which enabled the migration of available ethDYDX in the Community Treasury & Rewards Treasury to dYdX Chain.

Each treasury vester will vest tokens linearly over ~5 years (August 3rd 2021 - August 3rd 2026) to the corresponding treasury. Since the vester contracts are immutable upon deployment, the dYdX community voted to set the recipient of the vester contracts to the following addresses:

Rewards Treasury Vester will vest to 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001; and
Community Treasury Vester will vest to 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002.

Peripheral Contracts

Chainlink Oracle-Powered Rewards (Trading & Liquidity Provider Rewards)

The goal of this system is to calculate and publish, via a decentralized network of oracle signers, the ethDYDX token rewards earned by traders using the dYdX layer 2 exchange. Rewards are stored in a Merkle tree, which contains the cumulative rewards earned by each user since the start of the distribution program. Each epoch, the Merkle root is updated on the MerkleDistributorV1 smart contract to reflect rewards earned in the last epoch.

We have integrated with the Chainlink Oracle system to post rewards data on-chain. We use IPNS to post the trading data that Chainlink uses to build the Merkle tree. By using IPNS, we can post the trading data for the latest epoch under the same IPNS link as previous epochs, meaning the location of the data won't change.

After calculating the appropriate rewards from the raw trading data, Chainlink posts the Merkle tree of rewards to IPFS. The IPFS CID with the Merkle tree data is stored on the Merkle distributor contract along with the Merkle root for that epoch's rewards.

The following flow chart shows the Chainlink Oracle-Powered Rewards system architecture:

Other Assets

dYdX Foundation brand assets are available here****

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Last updated 9 months ago